Abover Ground Risk: This term refers to the non-technical risks and security risks that can badly affect the mining companies. It is the type of risk which is used in mining companies. Since above the ground security risk is very critical and nowadays companies required assurance from the government to provide security in hostile areas like Iraq and other similar countries.

Policy and regulatory uncertainty, it also remains there as in the countries with greater scope government do not know about the process and new requirements so they tend to make policies without consultation of big players and this cause a serious risk. Managing community expectations is also fall within the above ground risk criteria as it hard and companies need to allocate spending for this purpose as well.